5 Modi Government Policies that will change India forever
i)
J-A-M
JAN DHAN – AADHAR – MOBILE
“Wars of
nations are fought to change maps. But wars of poverty are fought to map
change.” – Muhammad Ali, Professional Boxer.
A War fought against an empty stomach, torn clothes, and shelters without roofs may not change the maps of the world, but it will surely change the destiny of our world.
India, a country wounded by invasions over the last thousand years, may have redeemed its identity as an independent nation but still carries the scars of poverty inflicted upon it during these invasions.
Late Mr. Rajeev Gandhi, a then young, dynamic leader and the Former Prime Minister of India, once said publicly that out of 1 Rupee disbursed by his government to the poor, only 15 paisa reached the latter.
Then came 2014, and we had a Prime Minister who took banks to the unbanked with his Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana. He walked a step ahead of the Aadhar and linked Bank Accounts to the Aadhar and Mobile Numbers of the people. Today with great confidence, the incumbent Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi, says that every paisa intended for the beneficiaries of his welfare schemes reaches them without any leakage.
Reports by journalists in India support this narrative that tens of millions of people received their subsidies and social benefits without any middleman eating up their money during Mr. Modi’s tenure.
The
J-A-M Trinity unleashed by PM Modi has
changed how the poor receive their social benefits by plugging in the leakages
from the past.
ii)
Rising Private Sector Participation in
India’s Indigenous Defense Manufacturing Industry
India
has traditionally been a buyer of arms and ammunition from Russia, France, and
many other countries since its independence. India’s defense purchases have
always had the lion’s share of India’s imports. The government had established DRDO,
HAL, and many other Govt Companies decades ago to meet its defense
requirements. But these companies could not produce the quality arms and ammunition
India needed. Ignorance of previous governments towards quality, corruption
among the government departments, and lack of zeal to become a defense
exporter crippled these departments.
With
PM Modi at the helm, India reformed its indigenous defense
manufacturing industry. To ensure quality good enough to become an exporter and
meet domestic needs, the incumbent Prime Minister pushed the Private Sector
Companies to participate aggressively in the Indigenous Defense Manufacturing
Industry and increased the FDI Limits for foreign companies. Although
the doors for Private Participation in Indian Defense Sector were opened in
2001 by the First NDA Government led by PM Vajpayee, this industry could
not meet the expectation during The UPA Regime. PM Modi, with his Make in
India initiative, Start-up India initiative, and relaxation for FDI in defense, ensured that the industry gained momentum. Today, over 300 private companies participate actively in this industry, and close to 200 start-ups are also
involved.
Given
the challenge posed by China and Pakistan, even if this industry has earned
revenues worth 1.07 trillion Indian Rupees, it still has a long way to go. If
India desires to stand up to this challenge, it must make the defense industry
the growth engine of India, perhaps the most significant industry in India.
PM
Modi has made his intentions clear that he will push the Defense Industry far
enough to achieve this target.
A
thriving indigenous Defense Manufacturing Industry, along with FDIs and
Strategic Partnerships with the rest of the world, will ensure that advanced
technologies are shared with India, India’s capabilities are enhanced, millions
of jobs are created, and Indian money remains in India.
But
there are more potential benefits than what meets the eye.
Today,
in India, the Right-Wing Media and conspiracy theorists allege that Anti-India
Forces have always been actively working towards destroying India from within.
If
PM Modi makes Defense the most significant revenue-generating Industry fueled by
Participation from Indian Corporates and Start-ups, he can ensure that the Anti-India
lobby gradually loses its ground and Anti-India Activities, perceived as the most
rewarding jobs among sections of the Civil-Society of India would lose their
charm. The Uneducated, The Unemployed, and The Misguided youth will reject
these Anti-India jobs and align themselves with Pr0-India sections of Indian
Society.
For
those of the readers to whom the above stated is never seen or never heard
before or appears weird, the Indian Conspiracy Theorists allege that a
significant chunk of Indian Civil Servants, Social Activists, Political
Activists, Journalists, Professors, Lawyers, Student Politicians, etc. actively
indulge in Anti-India activities instead of monetary rewards received from
outside of India.
If
the stakes of the Indian Corporates, Start-ups, Foreign Companies, and Foreign Governments
continue to rise in the Indian Indigenous Defense Manufacturing Industry, the
Anti-India Lobby will weaken.
The
foot soldiers of this lobby will gradually betray the former and become foot
soldiers of Pro-India Lobbies. Many young people from different sections
of Indian society would aspire for jobs in the Defense Industry; those not
qualified enough would advocate in favor of this industry by joining Pro-India
Sections of the Indian Civil Society, and the popular discourse would progress
toward becoming Nationalistic. People will become more patriotic as they
will also become stakeholders in this industry.
A thriving Indigenous Defense Manufacturing Industry will not only create millions of jobs for the Indians, it would not only keep Indian Money in India, it would not only increase Forex Reserves generated through exports, it would not only satisfy India’s defense needs and act as a deterrent against Pakistani and Chinese aggression, it would also build a society that would treat India’s interests as its own interests.
iii) The Infrastructure Push
Carrying
forward the legacy of the 1st NDA Government, PM Modi’s government
put its weight firmly behind infrastructure projects worth hundreds of billions
of USD.
These
infrastructure projects include:-
BharatMala
SagarMala
– ports upgradation and redevelopment
Industrial
Corridors
DFCs
High-Speed Rails
Before
we dive deep into the details, I would like my readers to know that out of
India’s 6,215,797 Km long road network, only 110,000 km are National
Highways, which account for only 2% of the total road network. These
National Highways carry 40% of road traffic.
Under
the ambitious Bharatmala Project, 550 Districts out of the total 718 Districts
will be connected to The National Highways, the number of National
Corridors will be increased to 50 and 80% of the freight traffic will be
moved to The National Highways, which will include construction of National
Highways connecting 24 Logistics Parks, 66 Inter-Corridors of
total 8,000 Kms, 116 Feeder Routes covering 7,500 Kms, and 7 North-East
Multi-Modal Waterway Ports.
The
Sagarmala Project aims to unlock the potential of Coastal Areas of
India by upgrading ports, industrial clusters, roads, railways, inland
waterways, railways to ropeways connectivity along the 7,517 Km long coastline
and 14,500 km of navigable waterways to strengthen India’s position in the
maritime trade of the world.
Dedicated
Freight Corridors:
In
India, close to 70% of the logistics movement takes place through roads, which makes logistics transportation a prolonged process as the goods get
stopped and checked several times at toll gates and check-posts.
In
India, the cost of logistics is around 12%-13% of the GDP, whereas in The
USA, it is 9.5% of the GDP, and in Germany, it is 8%.
Along with roads, logistics transportation takes place through railways, which carry only 27% of the freight movement.
But
the railways have limited tracks, and they must carry the passenger and goods trains on the same routes. The goods train has to get stopped
to make way for the passenger teaches sometimes, and the passenger trains have to
get arrested to make way for goods trains the other times.
This
makes the prices of India’s agricultural produce, mineral products, and
industrial products expensive, so they fail to compete in the overseas
market.
To
combat this challenge, the Modi Government decided to accelerate the
construction of The Western Dedicated Freight Corridor and The Eastern Dedicated
Freight Corridor which the UPA Government envisaged.
These
two dedicated freight corridors aim at transporting 70% of India’s goods trains
on these two corridors.
Both
of these DFCs are partly operational now.
Four other Dedicated Freight Corridors are planned to be constructed near where Industrial Corridors are designed to be built.
Industrial
Corridors:
Under PM Modi’s leadership, India is building 11 Industrial
Corridors in the
vicinity of whom 100 cities are getting an
infrastructure upgrade in terms of
water
supply, sanitation, road connectivity, 24/7 electricity (with emphasis
on
renewable energy sources) etc. The Industrial Corridors around these
cities will be home to manufacturing
facilities and Special Economic Zones for
both
Manufacturing and services sectors.
These Industrial Corridors will stimulate thousands of businesses related to the
activities are undertaken and generate Millions of direct and indirect jobs.
Smart Cities :
The Smart Cities being built around these Industrial Corridors will be home to
infrastructures capable of providing residence to the workforce intended to be
employed in these cities.
Today, while these Industrial Corridors and Smart Cities are being built, the
the economy is getting the stimulus needed to stir growth. Tens of Millions of
laborers are getting jobs spanning Hundreds of Millions of man-days.
The Industry is getting the confidence to invest, and Foreign Companies are
encouraged to set up offices and factories in India. The Industrial Corridors,
Dedicated Freight Corridors, Highways, and expressways will also connect
these Smart Cities and ensure that goods manufactured here will reach their
destination without taking a long time.
HIGH-SPEED RAILS
The High-Speed Rail Projects, which comprise Bullet Trains covering major cities
all over India were envisaged by PM Modi.
The First Bullet Train Project between Ahmedabad and Mumbai saw the light of
the day due to funding from PM Shinzo Abe Led the Japanese Government.
Journalists covering PM Modi for two decades believe that PM Shinzo Abe of
Japan was the most reliable friend of PM Modi since he was Gujarat's Chief
Minister.
Given the friendship between PM Modi and PM Shinzo Abe, The Japanese
The government pledged 88,000 Crores of Indian Rupees with an interest rate of
0.10% for 50 years through a soft loan.
In India, it is believed that the introduction of railways to The USA played a huge
role in bringing economic progress to The USA.
In Japan, there was a lot of poverty after World War II. But with the
introduction of Bullet Trains to Japan in 1964, the island nation progressed
rapidly and never looked back.
The Major Cities of India that are hubs of Financial and Industrial Activities will
be connected by Bullet Trains too.
The Bullet Trains planned to be transported to India will be built on the
Shinkansen Technology of Japan.
These trains will ensure better connectivity between the cities, leading to the
transfer of manpower, and freight becoming convenient
for everyone.
The by-product of the bullet train projects would be Technology Transfer,
upskilling of technicians, more business opportunities for vendors and
manufacturers and the entire railway network in India will get an upgrade with
emphasis on Zero-Defect and Zero-Effect.
With these and many other infrastructure projects, The Modi Government is
giving India the infrastructure only developed countries have.
iv) SEMICONDUCTOR
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN INDIA
Before we talk about
semiconductors, let me take you back to 2021.
As the world shifted to EVs, Indian Automobile companies were delivering their
cars late because the Semiconductor manufacturing countries like China and
Taiwan suffered from Covid-19, with China having the maximum suffering.
Production had stopped, and the supply chain was broken.
Due to the lack of timely delivery of Semiconductors, Automobile Companies
and other companies dependent on semiconductors were delaying the delivery
of their orders.
As China was the worst-hit, many countries realized they needed one more
country other than China to procure their semiconductors.
This was the time when PM Modi came forward with Production Linked
Incentives for
Semiconductor Manufacturing in India, worth USD 10 Billion. The states like
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra tried their
best to woo Semiconductor Manufacturing Companies from the world over to
set up manufacturing facilities in the states mentioned above in India.
As of now, Micron has announced that it will invest USD 2.75 Billion in India,
particularly in PM Modi’s home state of Gujarat where it would assemble, test,
and package chips, which is different from manufacturing
chips in India.
Also, the USD 20 Billion worth Vedanta-Foxconn JV for setting up
fabrication units in India are canceled as they struggled to find a 3rd partner
with expertise in Semiconductor fabrication and
manufacturing-grade licenses.
Israel-based Tower Semiconductor had plans to set up a fabrication unit
in Karnataka but has yet to complete its merger with Intel.
Foxconn is still planning to set up a few facilities in India. Ministers
from the Ministry of Electronics of Information Technology have said that
around in October & November of 2023, there will be two big companies
initiating the process of setting up the facility in India.
Despite the divorce between Foxconn and Vedanta, the scenario is still
encouraging the Modi Government in India that plans to facilitate
semiconductor manufacturing in
India. But the game is still not over.
Since Tower is Israel based, it is expected to start its fab once the merger is
complete with Intel, given that Israel has always had India’s back.
Foxconn and Vedanta might have parted ways but are still in a mission mode
and planning to re-apply for manufacturing semiconductors under the PLI
Scheme.
The Micron investment can make India a favored destination for assembling,
packaging, and testing Semiconductors.
India is faced with an equally good opportunity as far as the manufacturing of
trailing-edge semiconductors are concerned. The Modi Government has made
clear its intentions to provide monetary incentives to companies for
manufacturing trailing-edge semiconductors.
The question arises of why PM Modi wants to make India a semiconductor
manufacturing powerhouse.
The evident reason is that India wants to become an Industrialized
country and capture the market from China and help raise India’s stature
further in the eyes of the rest of the world. It wants to avoid being dependent on
other countries for its semiconductor needs.
But there is another reason for this, with roots in the domestic conditions of India.
PM Modi’s critics allege that India is now importing more electronic goods from
China than it did earlier.
PM Modi is encouraging Indian companies to manufacture electronic
components in India. Still, these companies are adamant about importing the
members from China because it is cheaper to procure them from China than
manufacture them domestically.
The reasons include notorious hindrances from the Indian Bureaucracy, with
some of the bureaucrats are alleged to be politically motivated to bury India’s
semiconductor manufacturing ambitions into the ground. The red tape ensures
that manufacturing electronic components domestically never
become a reality.
The Indian Right-Wing also alleges that foreign-funded local NGOs, Politicians
belonging to the Leftist Ideology, the Environmentalists dig up holes for any
company planning to manufacture electronic components in India, and the
inefficient laws of India always ensure that obstacles are put in the way of such
companies.
Also, it is not hidden from the Indian people that each time a company
overcomes these obstacles, they have traditionally been made to pay hefty
bribes to people belonging to the above-mentioned leftist ecosystem, which have
always made manufacturing electronic components domestically a costly affair.
The Corrupt Media of India ensures that such stories never make their way to the
headlines of newspapers in India.
The Indian deep state is perceived to have always been ultra-leftist by default,
ever since India became a free country.
If Semiconductor Manufacturing in India becomes a reality, this will fatally
harm the leftist ecosystem of India and free the country from
Chinese influence.
I agree that manufacturing Electronic Components is not financially viable for
most of the medium-sized businesses but Indian Corporates with deep pockets
could have embarked on this journey using JVs with foreign players as an
option.
If the above-mentioned becomes a reality, an ecosystem will be put in place for
manufacturing electronic components in India led by medium and small sized
businesses. But, for this, PM Modi will have to reduce Bureaucratic
intervention in Industry further and make bureaucrats more accountable.
With PM Modi at the helm of affairs, bureaucratic Red Tape is getting reduced
gradually. India is showing intent to compete with China not only as a
manufacturer of semiconductors but also to become the factory of the World.
V) INDIA’S COMMITMENT TO RENEWABLE ENERGY
The Indian Civilization has always believed in living in harmony with the
nature. India’s commitment towards environmental preservation got firm
Governmental support when PM Modi got elected as The Prime Minister of
India.
In the COP 21 at Paris Climate Accords 2015, PM Modi made his commitment
to preserve mother nature clearly in the most unambiguous manner.
Since then, India has taken steps towards increased production of renewable
energy and reducing the consumption of fossil fuels in the Indian Economy
Under this
strategy, Ethanol Blending, PM KUSUM Yojana, Incentivizing
manufacturing of
machines and Equipment related to Solar Energy
Rooftop Solar
Scheme, Battery Storage, PRANAM Yojana for farmers, Vehicle
Scrapping Policy,
Emphasis on Green Hydrogen, Wetland Conservation.
The more commanding position India makes for herself in Renewable Energy
Sector, the more it will contribute towards making the world free from the
consequences of climate change. Keeping that in mind, India aspires to take the
lead in Global Green Energy Markets.
India is offering a tremendous opportunity for renewable energy investors from
all over the world.
India has achieved its target of 40% contribution from non-fossil technologies
to Installed Electricity Capacity 9 years earlier than the deadline set.
India is on its way to meeting the target of 20% Ethanol Blending into Petrol by
2025-26 against the deadline set for 2030. Using the National Green Hydrogen
mission as a medium, India has targeted the production of 5 MMT
Green Hydrogen. To facilitate the private sector participation in this, India has
pledged 19,000 Crore Indian Rupees.
India has been using traditional fossil fuels for power generation and transport
purposes, where Power Generation alone contributes mainly to the
Air Pollution in the country. As per the International Energy Agency, India
uses coal, oil, and biomass to meet 80% of its Energy needs. The Modi
The government intends to change the same. Although previous governments did
not encourage Solar Power for power generation purposes much; the Modi
The government put its weight firmly behind Solar Energy. To give impetus to the
Solar-powered Energy Generation, the Modi Government is facilitating the
construction of Solar Parks to provide solar power developers with land,
power evacuation facilities, road connectivity, water facility, etc., along with all
statutory clearances. 56 Solar Parks have been sanctioned in 14 states so far and
10 GWs of Renewable Energy Capacity have already been commissioned for 17
parks.
PM-KUSUM Scheme, launched in March 2019, encourages farmers to install
solar plants on their farms and/or barren lands, sell the electricity produced to
the nearest power production facility, and earn money for the coming 25 years.
This scheme includes setting up 20 Lakh standalone Solar Powered Agriculture
Pumps and solarizing 15 Lakh existing Grid-connected Agriculture Pumps,
ultimately installing 10 GW of Decentralized Grid Connected Solar Power Plants
each of capacity up to 2MW.
Under the Rooftop Solar Scheme, any residential customer from any part of
India can apply for Rooftop Solar without awaiting finalizing of the tender and
empanelment of vendors by the Discoms.
Under the above-stated two schemes, the Modi Government is making the
citizens an equal partner in India’s mission to be a hub of renewable energy for
the world.
Under the Inter-State Transmission System Green Energy Corridor
launched in 2015, Phase-1 aimed to install 3200 Circuit kilometer transmission
lines and 17,000 MVA capacity sub-stations completed in March 2020.
Under the GEC Phase-2 or the Intra State GEC Phase-2, a target of installing
9700 Circuit Kilometer transmission lines and 22,600 MVA capacity
sub-stations by March 2023. Overall, the Green Energy Corridor is expected to
be finished by 2025-26.
SURYAMITRA SCHEME, which includes training and skill development
programs, fellowships, and internships, a total of 51529 suryamitras have
been trained.
PRODUCTION LINKED INCENTIVE
Till March 2020, Chinese imports made up 80% of the Solar Cells and
Modules used in India. Following the Covid Lockdowns and the subsequent
impact on Supply Chains all over the world, Modi Government announced PLI
schemes which included the Production Linked Incentives for Manufacturing
High-Efficiency Solar PV Modules domestically in India and achieve Gigawatt
Scale and achieving Self-Reliance.
As per the Public Procurement Order, Government Entities are mandated to
procure and use domestically manufactured Solar PV Modules and Solar
Inverters and imposed Basic Customs Duty on import of the same w.e.f. 1 April 2022.
In September 2022, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy issued Scheme
Guidelines for implementation of PLI for National Program on High Efficiency
Solar PV Modules with a staggering amount of Rs. 19,500 Crores.
The PLI for the above-stated scheme is expected to set up close to 65 GW of
fully/partially integrated Solar PV Manufacturing.
RENEWABLE ENERGY INSTALLED CAPACITY SO FAR
Considering the above-stated schemes for Renewable Energy, as on 30 June of
2023, India has achieved a target of 70.10 GW against a set target of 100 GW of
Solar Energy Capacity and another 55.90 GW is under
installation.
Apart from Solar, the Wind Energy based Renewable Energy accounts for
42,630 MW (or 42.630 GW) of installed capacity until June 2023.
Biomass and Hydro Projects have added 15 GW of Renewable Energy Capacity in India till June 2023.
India has an installed Renewable Energy Capacity of 125 GW as of June 2023.
GOBARDHAN YOJANA
Under the Gobardhan Yojana, the Modi Government is setting up 500 biogas
plants with an investment of 10,000 crores of Indian Rupees.
The NATIONAL GREEN HYDROGEN MISSION was launched on
15th August 2021, which intends to bring India to the forefront
of production, storage, and distribution of Green Hydrogen among all the
countries of the world.
It uses electrolysis of water using solar, wind, and hydropower to produce
green hydrogen, which can be used for transportation, industrial and
agricultural purposes.
It produces zero Green-house emissions upon usage and can help catalyze the
process of achieving a Carbon-Free Economy. It aims to reduce dependence
on fossil fuels to meet energy needs and reduce India’s import bill, and at the
same time, ensure energy security for the country, as India has traditionally
remained dependent on other countries for energy needs and thus remained
vulnerable to price shocks and disruptions in supply chains.
Other than the above-stated advantages, The National Green
Hydrogen Mission is expected to create new industries and jobs for both
skilled and unskilled labor in large numbers.
Green Hydrogen can also be produced using municipal solid waste and
agricultural wastes, which helps tackle waste-management issues and ensure
sustainability.
Hydrogen Fuel Cells are meant to be used specifically for transportation,
converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, water, and heat and produces zero emissions. This makes it an attractive potential
alternative for Fossil fuels. Vehicles using Hydrogen Fuel Cell are quicker to
refuel and enable travel for longer distances than battery electric vehicles.
Although there happen to be plenty of benefits associated with
Green Hydrogen, the Modi Government will have to overcome challenges in
implementing the same.
The Modi Government will have to encourage investments in building up the
infrastructure required to produce, store, and distribute Green Hydrogen.
Adding to the above stated, it is necessary to invest in research and development
for advancements in technology and ensure scaling up of production to make it
an attractive alternative to fossil fuel, as it currently stands out as costlier than
the former.
Safety protocols need to be developed and put in place, as Green Hydrogen is a
highly flammable gas.
Other than this, the Modi Government will have to make people acquainted
with the benefits associated with Green Hydrogen.
In the coming days, it can be expected that the Modi Government may
introduce Green Hydrogen Consumption Obligations for Petroleum refining
industry.
At present, Electricity DISCOMS have been mandated to purchase a certain
amount of Renewable Energy.
Under Battery Storage Schemes, India’s Modi Government is offering.
USD 455.2 Million in incentives to companies setting up battery storage
projects to achieve 4,000 Mega Watt Hours. This scheme is
intended to back up intermittent renewable power supply to ensure power
store when the grid faces shortages.
To ensure stability and energy security, India needs 236 GWh of battery energy
storage and 27 GW pump storage projects by 2031-32 against the current 37
MWh of battery storage capacity.
PM PRANAM YOJANA
Heavy usage of chemical fertilizer is one of the most dominant characteristics
of Indian Agricultural Practices, particularly in Punjab. Fertilizers aid in
increasing the yields, but they also lead to the release of harmful chemicals in
the food chain, ultimately leading to severe diseases such as cancer among the
consumers of such food.
Other than this, they also reduce the water table and lead to pollution.
As per a statement by The Union Minister for Home and Co-operation,
Amit Shah, the usage of chemical fertilizers in agriculture is expected to lead
to a 50% increase in cancer cases in the upcoming 15 years.
To avoid such danger, the Modi Government has launched the PM
PRANAM Scheme. To avoid such risk, the Modi Government had
been promoting organic farming (particularly in North-East India) and has
recently launched the PM PRANAM Scheme.
The PM PRANAM is the short form for PM Promotion of Alternate Nutrients
for Agriculture Management Yojana.
Under this scheme, The Modi Government will provide State Governments
that save money from the existing fertilizer subsidy budget with financial
support for setting up of infrastructure where alternate nutrients and
alternatives for Chemical Fertilizers will be produced.
These units will be set up at village, block, and district
levels.
Around 30% of the financial support given to State Governments will be used
to encourage the Farmers, Farmer Producer Organizations, and Self-Help
Groups to incentivize the reduction in the usage of chemical fertilizers and for
spreading awareness about the alternate nutrients and alternatives to chemical
fertilizers being produced in the units mentioned above.
On 1st February 2023, while presenting the Union Budget, the Modi
The government announced the Amrit Dharohar scheme and MISHTI Scheme.
These schemes aim at preserving Wetlands and Mangroves in the country.
These schemes aim at keeping Wetlands and Mangroves in the country
and seeks active participation from the local communities residing in these
areas.
In case my readers are wondering what a wetland means, The UN Convention
on Environment Protection defines it as: "areas of marsh, fen, peatland, or
water, whether natural or artificial, is permanent. They are water areas covering
The mangroves save the coastal areas from cyclones and rising sea levels; they
inhabit aquatic plants and animals and store carbon.
Under the MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats &
Tangible Incomes) Scheme, Mangrove cover in 9 states of India and is
aimed at getting restored in the upcoming three years.
Thanks for reading my blog
-
The Optimistic Journalist
("areas
of marsh, fen, peatland, or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289881975_CONSERVING_SHEIKHA_LAKE_A_REVIEW)
http://iheartinspiration.com/quotations/wars-of-nations-are-fought-to-change-maps-but-wars-of-poverty-are-fought-to-map-change/
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